How Long Do Copyrights Last in Music?

Key Takeaways

• For music created after 1 January 1978, copyright lasts for the author’s life plus 70 years.

• Pre-1978 published songs generally receive 95 years of copyright protection from the publication date.

• Works made for hire and anonymous/pseudonymous works are protected for 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever is shorter.

• Jointly authored music is protected for 70 years after the death of the last surviving author.

• Once copyright expires, the music enters the public domain and can be freely used by anyone.

What Does Music Copyright Protect?

Music copyright safeguards original works, covering both musical compositions and sound recordings by granting exclusive rights to their authors, publishers, and other copyright holders.

Copyright protection applies to the underlying musical composition—such as melody, harmony, and lyrics—as well as to specific sound recordings. This legal framework grants the right to reproduce, distribute, publicly perform, and display the work, as well as to create derivative works like remixes or arrangements.

These exclusive rights empower creators and copyright holders to control how their music is used and to monetise their creations. Exceptions to copyright protection exist under certain conditions, such as fair use, particularly in educational or non-commercial contexts. Additionally, it is critical to understand that copyright lasts for 70 years post mortem auctoris before a work enters the public domain.

How Long Does Music Copyright Last in the UK?

The length of music copyright in the United States depends on when the work was created and its type of authorship.

Modern works typically receive protection for the life of the author plus 70 years, while older songs and works made for hire follow different timelines.

Understanding these distinctions is essential for determining when a musical work enters the public domain.

Duration for Modern Works

When determining how long copyright protection lasts for modern musical works in the United States, several factors must be considered.

The duration for modern works, specifically those created on or after 1 January 1978, generally extends for the life of the author plus 70 years. If a musical work is a joint creation, the copyright endures for 70 years after the death of the last surviving author.

For works made for hire, anonymous, or pseudonymous works, the protection lasts for 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever is shorter.

Additionally, any music published after 31 December 2002, will remain protected until at least 31 December 2047.

• Life of the author plus 70 years

• 95 years from publication or 120 from creation for works made for hire

• Minimum protection through 31 December 2047

Rules for Pre-1978 Songs

Many songs composed before 1 January 1978 are governed by distinct copyright rules that differ from those applied to modern works. For these pre-1978 songs, the copyright term generally lasts 95 years from the date of publication—this includes an initial 28-year period followed by a 67-year renewal.

The Copyright Term Extension Act lengthened the total duration by 20 years for works still protected as of 27 October 1998. Importantly, if a song was published without a valid copyright notice prior to 1978, it could immediately enter the public domain.

Additionally, no pre-1978 song’s copyright term would expire before 31 December 2002. These specific provisions guarantee that the copyright term for older musical works is clearly defined and generally longer than initially established.

Works Made for Hire

Beyond the rules governing pre-1978 songs, music created as works made for hire follows a distinct copyright framework in the United States.

For works made for hire, copyright protection lasts for 95 years from the date of first publication or 120 years from the date of creation, whichever period is shorter. This category typically includes musical compositions crafted by employees during their employment or commissioned through a written agreement, such as scores for films, television, or advertisements.

In these cases, the employer or commissioning party—not the individual creator—holds the copyright. Understanding the nuances of works made for hire is essential for both creators and companies to clarify ownership and duration of protection.

• Applies to employee-created and specially commissioned works

• Copyright owner is the employer or commissioning entity

• Duration: 95 years post-publication or 120 years after creation

Music Copyright Duration: Post-1978 Works

For musical works created on or after 1 January 1978, copyright typically lasts for the life of the author plus seventy years.

In cases of joint authorship, the duration extends seventy years beyond the death of the last surviving author.

Works made for hire, as well as anonymous or pseudonymous works, are protected for either ninety-five years from publication or one hundred and twenty years from creation, whichever is shorter.

Life Plus Seventy Years

Seventy years beyond the life of the author defines the standard duration of copyright protection for musical works created on or after 1 January 1978.

This means the author’s exclusive rights to their composition extend for their lifetime, plus an additional seventy years, ensuring that heirs and estates can benefit from the work for decades after the author’s passing.

This rule guarantees a lengthy period before a musical composition enters the public sphere, reflecting modern copyright standards for creative works.

The extended duration aims to balance the interests of creators with eventual public access to cultural works.

• Protects a composer’s legacy long after their lifetime

• Delays public sphere entry for modern music

• Aligns with international copyright standards for the life of the author

Joint Authorship Duration

When multiple individuals collaborate on a musical composition after 1 January 1978, the duration of copyright protection is determined by the life span of the last surviving author, plus seventy years.

This joint authorship duration rule means that as long as one co-author remains alive, the work’s copyright remains in effect for all collaborators.

In practical terms, if one author lives markedly longer than the others, the copyright can extend well beyond a century from the date of creation.

Each co-author retains their rights in the work during their lifetime, and those rights can be individually transferred or inherited.

The joint authorship duration framework reflects the collaborative process, ensuring that all contributors’ interests are protected until seventy years after the last author’s death.

Works Made For Hire

Although individual creators often retain copyright in their original works, the rules differ markedly for music classified as works made for hire after 1 January 1978.

For these post-1978 works made for hire, copyright duration is determined by the shorter of 95 years from first publication or 120 years from creation.

The employer or commissioning party—not the individual composer or songwriter—holds the copyright. This distinction is especially significant in the music industry, where studios or production companies commonly commission works under such arrangements.

Understanding the implications of works made for hire is essential for anyone negotiating music contracts, as it directly affects ownership and control.

• Copyright is held by employers, not creators.

• Duration is 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation.

• Critical for composers and songwriters working under contract.

Music Copyright Duration: Pre-1978 Works

For music works created before 1 January 1978, copyright law establishes specific terms of protection that differ from those applied to newer works.

The term of copyright for published works from this period generally lasts 95 years from the date of publication. This consists of an initial 28-year term, followed by a 67-year renewal period, a structure set under earlier law and later extended by the Copyright Term Extension Act.

For unpublished works composed before 1978, the term of copyright is the author’s life plus 70 years.

Additionally, for works published before 31 December 2002, copyright cannot expire before 31 December 2047.

However, works published without a valid copyright notice before 1978 may have entered the public sphere immediately, forfeiting protection.

How Joint Authorship Affects Copyright Length

When a musical work is created by multiple authors, the copyright duration is determined by the life of the last surviving author.

This “last surviving author” rule can result in a longer copyright term compared to works by a single creator.

As a result, joint authorship directly impacts how long the work remains protected. Additionally, different parties can own distinct shares in a single composition, which can further complicate copyright duration and ownership issues.

Last Surviving Author Rule

Joint authorship introduces complexity to copyright duration through the “last surviving author” rule.

In cases where a musical work is created by multiple authors, the copyright term does not depend on a single contributor but rather on the lifespan of the last surviving author. The law stipulates that copyright protection under joint authorship endures for 70 years after the death of the last surviving author, ensuring that each contributor’s creative input remains protected.

Significantly, works created on or after 1 January 1978 are governed by this rule, reflecting changes in copyright legislation. This approach treats the collaborative work as a unified entity, extending its protection based on the life of the co-author who lives the longest.

• Applies to works from 1978 onwards

• Protects all joint contributors’ rights

• Duration: 70 years after last surviving author’s death

Impact on Copyright Duration

Because copyright duration for musical works hinges on the death of the last surviving author, joint authorship frequently results in a remarkably longer protection period than for works created by a single individual.

When two or more individuals co-write a song, copyright protection extends for 70 years after the death of the last surviving author. This means that if one co-author lives considerably longer than the other, the overall period of copyright protection for the work is substantially extended.

For works created after 1 January 1978, this rule automatically applies, requiring careful documentation of each author’s date of death to accurately determine when copyright protection expires.

Consequently, joint authorship can greatly delay the entry of a musical work into the public sphere compared to single-author works.

What Are the Rules for Works Made for Hire?

A significant portion of music, especially compositions for film, television, and commercial projects, is governed by the rules for works made for hire.

Under UK copyright law, works made for hire created after 1 January 1978 receive protection for 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first.

These terms differ from the standard protection given to works by individual authors, which generally last for the author’s life plus 70 years.

A work is considered made for hire if an employee creates it within the scope of employment or if it is specially ordered or commissioned under a written agreement.

Understanding these distinctions is essential for determining both ownership and the duration of copyright.

• Duration: 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation

• Applies to employees and certain commissioned works

• Ownership typically belongs to the employer or commissioner

Music Copyright for Anonymous and Pseudonymous Works

Whilst works made for hire have distinct rules regarding copyright duration, unique considerations also apply to anonymous and pseudonymous musical works.

For these, the copyright term lasts 95 years from the date of first publication or 120 years from the date of creation, whichever expires first. This calculation is necessary when the identity of the author is not disclosed, whether the work is anonymous or pseudonymous.

If the author’s identity is later revealed, the copyright duration shifts to the life of the author plus 70 years.

For anonymous or pseudonymous works published before 1 January 1978, the term is a fixed 95 years.

After the expiration of the appropriate term, such works enter the public sphere, permitting unrestricted use by the general public.

Copyright Duration for Corporate and Institutional Works

When music is created as a work made for hire by a corporation or institution, the method for calculating copyright duration differs from that of individual authors.

The protection period is determined either by 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, depending on which expires first.

Understanding these calculation methods is essential for organisations managing their musical works.

Works Made For Hire

Works made for hire occupy a distinct position in copyright law, particularly regarding the duration of protection granted to corporate and institutional creations. Under U.S. law, works made for hire receive copyright protection for 95 years from the date of first publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first. This extended duration differs from works authored by individuals, reflecting the unique nature of corporate or commissioned authorship.

The definition encompasses works created by employees within their job scope or those specially ordered and governed by a written agreement. Proper classification is essential, as it affects both ownership and the exploitation rights of the work.

Common examples include music for film, television, and branding.

• Longest protection terms in U.S. copyright law

• Ownership rests with the employer or commissioning party

• Applies to many media and corporate projects

Duration Calculation Methods

Unlike copyright durations tied to the life of an individual author, corporate and institutional works follow a fixed-term system determined by specific dates.

Under current copyright laws, the duration calculation methods for works made for hire—common for corporations and institutions—stipulate protection for 95 years from the date of first publication or 120 years from creation, whichever is shorter.

This fixed period does not rely on any individual's lifespan. For example, if a corporate work is published on 1 January 2025, copyright protection lasts until 31 December 2120, assuming the 95-year term is applicable.

Accurate record-keeping of creation and publication dates is essential for corporations to guarantee correct calculation of expiration.

These duration calculation methods offer predictability and clarity for copyright holders and users alike.

Published vs. Unpublished: Copyright Term Differences

Although both published and unpublished musical works receive copyright protection, the duration of that protection differs significantly depending on their status and the date of creation.

Published works created after 1 January 1978 generally have a copyright term of the author's life plus 70 years. Unpublished works, including anonymous or pseudonymous creations, may be protected for the same period or up to 120 years from creation, depending on circumstances.

For works created before 1978, published pieces with a copyright notice typically last 95 years from publication, while unpublished works follow the life-plus-70-years rule.

The copyright term differences between published and unpublished works can impact how long music remains under protection before entering the public sphere.

• Published works often have clear expiry dates.

• Unpublished works can have extended or variable terms.

• Registration status may affect unpublished term length.

The 95-Year Rule for Pre-1978 Songs and Recordings

The 95-year rule plays a central role in determining when pre-1978 songs and recordings enter the public domain.

Calculating expiration dates for these works involves considering original publication dates, renewal periods, and term extensions provided by law.

Understanding these factors is essential for tracking when older music becomes freely available for use.

Calculating Copyright Expiration Dates

When determining copyright expiration dates for songs and recordings published before 1978, a 95-year protection period generally applies under the Copyright Term Extension Act.

This term combines an initial 28-year period with a 67-year renewal, totalling 95 years from the date of publication. For example, a song published in 1950 would see its copyright expire at the end of 2045, after which it would enter the public sphere.

However, for unpublished works created before 1978, copyright shall not expire before 31 December 2047, or until 70 years after the author’s death, whichever is later.

Additionally, works published without a valid copyright notice before 1978 may have forfeited protection and entered the public sphere immediately.

• Published works: 95-year term from publication

• Unpublished works: Life plus 70 years, not before 2047

• Missing notice: Immediate public sphere possible

Renewal Requirements and Extensions

Understanding how copyright expiration is calculated for pre-1978 songs and recordings involves more than simply knowing the length of protection; it also requires attention to renewal requirements and statutory extensions.

For these works, the initial copyright term lasts 28 years from publication or registration. To extend protection, a renewal registration must be filed after the initial term; this renews the copyright for an additional 67 years, resulting in a total term of 95 years under the Copyright Term Extension Act.

While renewal requirements are technically optional, failing to register renewal can limit certain legal benefits and may jeopardise continued protection.

Additionally, if a work was published without a copyright notice, it could have immediately entered the public sphere, bypassing the 95-year rule entirely.

Impact on Public Domain

Once a pre-1978 song or recording reaches the end of its 95-year copyright term, it shifts into the public domain, becoming freely available for anyone to use without permission or payment.

The shift into the public domain is a direct result of the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, which set the 95-year rule. This rule applies to works published and registered with a copyright notice before 1978, provided their copyright was properly renewed after the initial 28 years.

After expiration, these works can be performed, reproduced, or adapted by anyone, fostering creativity and access. The earliest possible expiration for these works is 31 December 2002, with some protected until 31 December 2047.

• Promotes remixing and new interpretations

• Encourages educational and archival use

• Expands access to classic music recordings

How the Music Modernisation Act Changed Sound Recording Rights

A significant shift in US copyright law occurred with the passage of the Music Modernisation Act in 2018, particularly regarding sound recording rights.

Prior to this legislation, pre-1972 sound recordings were not granted federal copyright protection, resulting in a complex environment for rights holders. The Act extended the term of protection for these works, guaranteeing copyright coverage until 15 February 2067.

This amendment brought sound recordings in line with the protection already afforded to musical compositions. Additionally, the Act introduced a modernised licensing system, creating the Mechanical Licensing Collective (MLC) to facilitate blanket mechanical licences for digital music providers.

These changes simplified royalty collection and guaranteed fair compensation for songwriters and publishers, strengthening overall copyright protection and aligning the treatment of different types of musical works.

When Do Sound Recordings Enter the Public Domain?

Precisely when sound recordings enter the public domain depends on their publication date and the evolving environment of U.S. copyright law.

For recordings published before 1923, the works have entered the public domain and are available for unrestricted use.

Those published from 1923 to 1946 are protected for 100 years from publication, while sound recordings released between 1947 and 1956 are covered for 115 years from publication.

Importantly, works made before 15 February 1972 remain under copyright until 15 February 2067.

For recordings published after 1 March 1989, the protection lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years.

As a result, the timeline for public domain entry is dependent on both the original release date and specific legal provisions.

• Pre-1923 recordings: now public domain

• 1923–1946: 100 years from publication

• 1947–1956: 115 years from publication

Music Copyright vs. Sound Recording Copyright: What’s the Difference?

Distinction is fundamental when analysing music copyright versus sound recording copyright.

The question of music copyright vs. sound recording copyright: what’s the difference? centres on what each protects. Music copyright covers the song’s composition—its melody and lyrics—while sound recording copyright applies to the actual recorded performance of that composition.

Copyright protection for musical compositions created after 1 January 1978, endures for the author’s life plus 70 years. In contrast, sound recordings published after this date are protected for 70 years after publication or the author’s life plus 70 years, whichever is longer.

Pre-1972 sound recordings, previously under state law, now receive federal protection through 2067. The Music Modernisation Act clarifies and distinguishes these protections, recognising the unique rights and durations allotted to each under copyright law.

What Happens to Copyright After the Author Dies?

When a music author passes away, copyright protection typically continues for 70 years beyond their death.

During this period, the rights to the work usually transfer to the author’s heirs or designated beneficiaries.

This extension guarantees ongoing control and potential financial benefit for the author’s estate before the work eventually enters the public domain.

Duration After Author’s Death

After the death of a musical work’s author, copyright protection does not end immediately, but instead continues for 70 years following the author’s passing. This extended period guarantees the author’s creative contributions are legally protected for many years after death, allowing control over the use and distribution of their work.

When a musical composition has multiple authors, the copyright lasts for 70 years after the death of the last surviving author, providing maximum coverage for collaborative efforts.

For works made for hire, however, the term is determined differently—lasting 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever comes first. Once this period concludes, the work enters the public domain.

• Protects creative works for decades posthumously

• Duration varies for joint authors and works for hire

• Public domain access begins after copyright expires

Rights Transfer to Heirs

Many musical works continue to generate value long after their creators have passed away, and copyright law guarantees that these rights do not simply vanish with the author’s death.

The copyright owner’s rights are transferred to their heirs, allowing them to inherit and manage the copyright for the remainder of its term—typically the author’s life plus 70 years.

For joint works, protection persists until 70 years after the death of the last surviving author, safeguarding the interests of all heirs involved.

In the case of works made for hire, the copyright owner is usually the hiring entity, not individual heirs, with protection lasting up to 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation.

After expiration, the work enters the public domain, ending exclusive rights for all.

How Copyright Renewal Impacts Older Songs

Although copyright law has evolved over the years, the process of renewal remains an essential factor in determining whether older songs remain protected or enter the public domain.

For works published before 1 January 1978, an initial term of 28 years was granted, with the possibility of a 67-year renewal, totalling 95 years of protection if renewed.

Importantly, songs published between 1929 and 1963 required mandatory renewal; without it, the copyright expired and the work entered the public domain.

Renewal registration, though optional for some, offered legal benefits, especially in enforcement.

The Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 further extended terms for eligible works, reinforcing the importance of timely renewal and copyright notice.

• Songs not renewed may enter the public domain

• Renewal strengthens legal protection

• Copyright notice helps track renewal status

Additionally, understanding copyright laws is crucial for artists to navigate these complexities effectively.

Why Does the 35-Year Rule Matter for Music Copyright Reclamation?

Why does the 35-year rule hold such importance for music copyright reclamation?

The 35-year rule enables UK copyright holders—such as songwriters or their estates—to regain control over works that were previously assigned to publishers or labels.

After 35 years, these creators have a legal pathway to reclaim domestic rights, regardless of prior assignment contracts.

This opportunity is essential because it allows artists to benefit from their work’s enduring value, especially if initial deals were made under less favourable terms.

The right to reclaim supersedes most contractual agreements, except for works made for hire.

Significantly, the rule applies differently to pre-1978 works, offering an earlier reclamation window of 56 years.

However, eligible parties must file within a specific five-year window after the 35 years elapse.

How Songwriters Can Reclaim Music Copyrights

Steering the process to reclaim music copyrights requires songwriters to act strategically within a defined legal framework.

In the United States, reclamation allows songwriters to regain control over their assigned works 35 years after the original assignment, provided the copyright was not classified as a work made for hire. For works created before 1 January 1978, this reclamation period extends to 56 years.

Songwriters or their estates must serve a formal notice within an essential five-year window following the eligibility date. Significantly, reclamation applies only to domestic rights, with international rights excluded from this provision.

Those seeking to reclaim must understand the precise legal requirements and timelines, as missing the notice window can forfeit their opportunity.

• File a timely notice of reclamation

• Confirm work is not “made for hire”

• Verify eligibility based on assignment date

What Does “Public Domain” Mean for Music?

Once the copyright term for a musical work expires, that work enters the public domain, fundamentally changing how it can be used.

In music, this shift is known as entering the public domain. Public domain status means that anyone may freely use, adapt, reproduce, or distribute the music without seeking permission or paying royalties.

In the United States, compositions published before 1923 are generally considered public domain, while newer works may enter after a set period—typically life of the author plus 70 years.

Projects like Public Domain Day annually highlight which works have become freely available.

Additionally, some creators voluntarily dedicate new music to the public domain using licences like CC0 1.0 Universal, immediately waiving all copyright claims and allowing unrestricted use by the public.

Classical and Folk Music: Public Domain and Copyright Issues

Although classical and folk music compositions are often associated with the public domain, their copyright status is shaped by specific legal timelines and distinctions.

In the United States, classical works composed before 1923 generally reside in the public domain, making them freely accessible for performance, adaptation, or recording.

Folk music, particularly traditional songs or those whose authors died over 70 years ago, often enters the public domain, though attribution can sometimes be complex.

However, while the underlying compositions may be unrestricted, recordings made after 1972 typically remain under copyright protection, even if the music itself is public domain.

Additionally, works published prior to 1978 but still under copyright are protected for 95 years after publication.

Understanding the nuances of copyright duration can help clarify the status of various musical works.

• Classical works before 1923 are public domain in the U.S.

• Traditional folk songs often qualify for public domain status.

• Copyright may still protect modern recordings of public domain works.

Recent Examples of Songs Entering the Public Domain

With the legal boundaries that define the public sphere for classical and folk music established, attention turns to more recent developments in copyright duration.

As of 1 January 2023, musical compositions published in 1923 entered the public sphere in the United States. This shift allows anyone to use these works without seeking permission or paying licensing fees, thereby expanding the available repertoire for creative projects.

Notable songs such as “The Best Things in Life Are Free” and “My Heart Stood Still” now reside in the public sphere, inviting new interpretations and adaptations.

Organisations like the Public Domain Day Project highlight these milestones each year, emphasising the ongoing expansion of accessible public sphere music and its impact on cultural heritage, performance, and artistic innovation.

How to Check Music Copyright Status

Many reliable methods exist for determining the copyright status of a musical work. Individuals seeking to verify copyright protection can start by searching the UK Intellectual Property Office’s online registration database, which contains records of registered music.

For works published before 1978, it is essential to take into account that copyright protection may last up to 95 years from publication if registration requirements were met. In contrast, works created after 1 January 1978 are protected for the life of the author plus 70 years; this can be confirmed by checking the author’s date of death.

Additional details and specific scenarios can be referenced in Circular 15a from the UK Intellectual Property Office. International works may require reviewing foreign copyright databases.

• Search the UK Intellectual Property Office database

• Consult Intellectual Property Office Circular 15a

• Check international copyright databases

What You Can Do With Public Domain Music

Public space music opens up a wealth of creative possibilities, enabling anyone to use, reproduce, and share these works without seeking permission or paying royalties.

Public access music, which includes works published before 1923 in the U.S., provides unrestricted access to numerous classical compositions and recordings. Creators and educators can freely incorporate these pieces into projects, performances, or educational materials.

Media producers often utilise public access music in films, television, and advertising due to its cost-effectiveness and absence of legal barriers.

Additionally, while anyone can use the original music, new arrangements or adaptations of public access works may be eligible for their own copyright, allowing for unique interpretations.

This flexibility makes public access music a valuable resource for innovation across creative fields.

Does Music Copyright Duration Differ Around the World?

While public sphere music offers broad creative freedoms, the period before a musical work enters the public realm is determined by each country's copyright laws.

Music copyright duration varies widely: in the European Union and the United States, protection generally lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years from the date of death.

Canada recently extended its term to match this standard, while Mexico grants protection for life plus 100 years from the date of death, demonstrating notable regional differences.

International agreements such as the Berne Convention set minimum standards but allow countries flexibility to define their own terms. This results in a patchwork of rules, affecting when music enters the public realm worldwide.

• EU and US: life plus 70 years from the date of death

• Canada: life plus 70 years from the date of death

• Mexico: life plus 100 years from the date of death

Frequently Asked Questions

Does Copyright for Music Expire?

Yes, copyright for music does expire. The duration of copyright varies depending on factors such as the date of creation, publication, and authorship. Once the copyright term ends, the music enters the public domain and loses exclusive protection.

What Is Public Domain 2026?

Public domain 2026 refers to works, including musical compositions and lyrics published in 1925, becoming freely available for public use in the United States. Anyone may use, adapt, or distribute these works without seeking permission or paying royalties.

Can You Use a Song After 20 Years?

A song generally cannot be freely used after 20 years without proper song licensing, as copyright often extends well beyond this period. Using a song without permission may still infringe copyright unless it has entered the public domain.

What Is the 35 Year Rule in Music?

The 35-year rule in music, sometimes referred to as 35 Year Extensions, allows U.S. copyright holders to reclaim rights assigned to others after 35 years, provided they file a formal notice within a five-year window.

Conclusion

In conclusion, music copyright duration varies based on the date of creation, authorship, and jurisdiction. In the United States, post-1978 works generally last for the life of the author plus 70 years, while earlier works follow different rules. Understanding these timelines helps creators and users respect intellectual property laws, determine public access status, and make informed decisions about music use. Knowing the global differences is also essential for those working with music internationally.